1.1 Tax policy adjustment and supporting price measures
In late May 2009, the Chinese government issued Taxation Legislation No. 84 ‘The Notice Regarding Adjustment to Tobacco Product Excise Tax Policy’ which announced a new reform on cigarettes excise tax. The government claimed that this adjustment aims to increase government revenue from cigarette products while to improve the cigarette excise tax structure. The new policy took effect on May 1, 2009. The adjustment mainly includes three aspects: 1) The standard to distinguish Grade A cigarettes and Grade B cigarettes is adjusted from 50 RMB per Carton (200 cigarettes) to 70 RMB per Carton (200 cigarettes); 2) Tax rate of Grade A cigarettes is adjusted from 45% to 56%, tax rate of Grade B cigarettes is adjusted from 30% to 36%, tax rate for Cigar is adjusted from 25% to 36%. 3) Ad valorem tax at the rate of 5% is applied in cigarette wholesale segment. Table 1 shows cigarette excise tax rate before and after the tax reform in May 2009.
With the release of new excise tax policy, the STMA announced several supporting measures regarding cigarette price and classification, which includes:
1) The STMA adjusted the classification standards of Class II and Class III, that is, Class II at the allocation price of 70 RMB (inclusive) -100 RMB per carton; Class III at the allocation price of 30 RMB (inclusive) -70 RMB per carton. Change of cigarette classification standard before and after May 2009 is also shown in table 6.
2) The STMA issued document No 180 (2009) ‘Notice of adjusting cigarettes allocation price’ which also took effect on May 1, 2009. The document declared 2 policy decisions in terms of cigarettes price: First, re-regulate the allocation-wholesale profit margin for Class I to Class V cigarettes, see as in Table 2. a09 indicates the adjusted allocation-wholesale profit margin in 2009, a08’ tells the regulated allocation-wholesale margin in 2008 by the STMA and a08 shows the actual allocation-wholesale margin in 2008. b is the wholesale-retail profit margin in both 2008 and 2009 which is not changed by the new tax policy. Second, cigarette wholesale price should remain the same nationwide as before the new excise tax adjustment, which implies that the new tax policy has no impact on cigarettes retail price.
1.2 Facts and comments on the new cigarettes excise tax policy
A very interesting fact of the new policy is that the increased tax is neither transferred to the wholesale price nor to the retail price in 2009. As discussed, the STMA controls cigarette wholesale price and retail price by controlling the two profit margins (a and b). Therefore, the STMA decreases allocation-wholesale margin (a) to keep the wholesale and retail prices the same as before. The increased tax is thus actually paid by tobacco industry’s profits. So we may claim that the new policy is virtually a profit tax adjustment instead of excise tax adjustment.
The adjustment on wholesale profit margin has significant impact on wholesale profit of those premium- and high-priced brands. Sales value of Zhonghua brand (premium cigarettes) ranked No. 1 in sales value in 2008. Before the tax adjustment, the wholesale profit margins of Zhonghua (hard) and Zhonghua (soft) were 48% and 45% respectively; after the adjustment, the wholesale profit margins for both Zhonghua specifications are 34%, decreased by 14% and 17% respectively, the wholesaler’s profit of Zhonghua (hard) and Zhonghua (soft) are reduced by 50.40 RMB and 121.98 RMB per carton respectively. Details of these changes are shown in Table 3. Although the profit margins are required to be strictly followed after the 2009 tax adjustment, we still find that for all cigarettes, the applied allocation-wholesale profit margins are higher than the regulated ones.
Although the STMA claims that cigarettes wholesale price and retail price keep the same as before tax adjustment, but this regulation is not applied to a few premium and high-priced brands (especially for those whose retail prices are above 1000 RMB per carton). Actually the STMA took this opportunity to lower the wholesale price and retail price of some premium and high-priced brands to meet the social demand of anti-corruption. As a result, after the adjustment, wholesale price of all native produced cigarettes are below 900 RMB per carton, also, the STMA announced that retail price for all cigarettes should not exceed 1000 RMB per carton. Therefore, the actual average retail price is lowered after May, 2009.
The Ministry of Finance (MOF) predicted that this tax adjustment would generate an additional 50 billion RMB in tax revenue to the central government. Meanwhile, tobacco industry’s profit has been slashed down significantly. However, it is unlikely that tobacco industry will forever incur these taxes. Under the monopoly system, tobacco industry has the privilege of possessing high profits, thus it is predicted that in the medium- and long-term, cigarette retail price will increase and impact cigarette consumption and government revenue accordingly. The net survey of cigarette retail price we conducted during July to September verified our judgment and prediction (CUFE & China CDC, 2009). The simulation below examines the policy scenario and impacts on cigarettes consumption and government revenue assuming that the tax increases are shifted to retail price
Rong Zheng*
Song Gao†
Central University of Finance and Economics
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Latest Cigarette Excise Tax Adjustment in China
2012-12-22 09:06