1.1 To increase cigarettes excise tax rate further
Raising tobacco tax is considered one of the most effective policy instruments for tobacco control and it is widely practiced worldwide, the cigarette tax incidence is around 65%-70% in most developed countries and also in some developing countries who pay high attention to tobacco control and public health welfare. The cigarette tax incidence in China before May 2009 was 38.95%, now it is 47.65% after the tax reform, but the increased tax is not taken by consumers but by tobacco industry. If the increased tax is shifted to retail price which will happen sooner or later, the tax incidence per pack would be 48.94%, which is still far below the median level compared to international communities. International practice and studies find that raising tobacco tax rate will decrease cigarettes consumption (especially for low-income people and adolescents) while increasing government’s revenue. Our results verify the same policy scenario in China. It is obvious that the cigarettes excise tax adjustment in 2009 is not the end of China’s tobacco excise reform, but a milestone on the long path of improving public health and strengthening tobacco control.
1.2 To abolish tobacco leaf tax
In the past a few years, abolishing tobacco leaf tax has been widely discussed and has been supported in a large degree due to the following reasons:
First, tobacco leaf tax violates the principle of a fair tax system. Tobacco leaf tax is directly levied on tobacco companies other than tobacco planting farmers in the acquisition of tobacco leaves, however, as the acquisition price contains tax, tobacco companies can successfully pass the tax burden to the tobacco planting farmers by lowering the acquisition price, this imbalance of distribution has put tobacco planting farmers in a disadvantage.
Second, compared with the non-tobacco-planting farmers, tobacco planting farmers bear a higher cost, yet a lower benefit in agriculture production. In other words, ceteris paribus, tobacco planting farmers get less return from tobacco planting than non-tobacco planting farmers who grow grains, oilseeds, cotton, fruit and mulberry. The net income that non-tobacco planting farmers get from grains, oilseeds, cotton, fruit and mulberry are 2.64 times, 2.12 times, 1.54 times, 54.1 times and 2.42 times that of tobacco planting farmers respectively (Sun, 2009). Besides, tobacco planting farmers rely on farming for their livelihood, yet, according to the agricultural tax policy of 2006, they are still excluded from enjoying the exemption of agricultural tax policy.
1.3 New Tax Policy Proposal
Currently, China imposes a specific tax of 0.06 RMB per pack and ad valorem tax (56% for Grade A cigarette and 36% for Grade B cigarette) at producer level, 5% ad valorem tax at wholesale stage. There are a couple of shortcomings for such a tax collection arrangement.
Firstly, the specific tax of 0.06 RMB per pack is insignificant in terms of both government revenue and efficacy of tobacco control.
Secondly, imposing a tax at the producer level and the wholesale segment easily allows the tobacco industry to control wholesale price and retail price. This result explains why the 2009 tax adjustment did not affect the actual retail price.
Therefore, we propose an entirely new tax policy in terms of tax rate and tax collection. This policy is based on the 2009 adjusted tax policy and we intend to simulate its effects on retail price, consumption, sales, and government tax revenue. The details are shown below:
Ø Wholesale-retail profit margin (b): Increase this profit margin to 25% for cigarettes with a 15% margin in 2009 and to 20% for cigarettes with a 10% margin in 2009. As we mentioned before, wholesale price is determined by wholesale-retail profit margin (b) based on retail price, with an increase in the retail price while unchanged wholesale price, the wholesale-retail profit margin (b) need to be adjusted accordingly. Percentages of 25% and 20% are weighted calculation results for each cigarette categories.
Ø At retail level: Apply an ad valorem tax rate at the retail segment of 10% for Grade A cigarettes and of 5% for Grade B cigarettes.
Ø At retail level: Apply a specific tax per pack of 1 RMB for Grade A cigarettes and 0.5 RMB for Grade B cigarettes.
To improve tobacco tax structure and reduce the control of retail price by the STMA, we propose that all the tax policy changes be enacted at the retail level. The proposed tax rate and profit margins are calculated for each cigarette category to keep retailers’ profit margin at 10% to 15%.
The simulation assumes that all other policies are consistent with those in 2009 adjusted policies. Table 1 shows the results of the proposal and we find that this arrangement can increase the cigarette retail price by 9.85% on average and tax incidence to 58.22% which is close to the world average standard. Finally, it may increase government tax revenue by 169.535 billion RMB (US$24.84 billion) per year
Rong Zheng*
Song Gao†
Central University of Finance and Economics
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Further Policy Recommendations on Tobacco Tax in China
2012-12-22 09:04