In the seminal article, M&M (1961) defined dividend clientele effect to be the investors’ tendency to be attracted by stocks with certain levels of dividends. The reason is that due to the imperfection of capital market, particularly the transaction costs and taxes, individual investors tend to prefer different composition of stocks in terms of different proportion of dividends and capital gains. They will choose the appropriate securities to construct their portfolios in order to reduce the costs from transaction and taxes. To state it in another way, the costs from taxes and transaction lead to different investor clienteles such as tax minimization induced clientele and transaction cost minimization induced clientele. Bernardo and Welch (2000) gave a good example of Tax-induced clienteles, those institutional investors as clienteles could be attracted by stocks with high dividend ratios due to their relative tax advantages. With respect to transaction cost-induced clienteles, investors with low incomes like retired employees tend to prefer stable stocks with high dividend payouts because the transaction costs in shares trading are too large and they rather to enjoy the dividends payouts with taxes as expenses. Consequently, it could be argued that the clienteles are attracted to firms with suitable dividends policy to their specific situations. However, based on M&M statement, it should be noticed that the clientele effect does not contradict to dividend irrelevance hypothesis because in the circumstance of perfect market, although firms may change dividend policies to fit certain groups of clientele, dividend policy remained to be irrelevant to firm’s value.
In terms of empirical evidence, Pettit’s (1977) study of over 900 individual investors showed strong positive relationship between investors’ ages and dividend ratio of their stocks and negative connection between their incomes and dividends yield, which supported the clientele effects hypothesis. Nevertheless, using the same database, Lewellen et al (1978) only reached the conclusion of weak correlations between these factors. Dhaliwal, Erickson and Trezevant (1999) focused on changes of shares held by institutions caused by the dividend initiations. Chose the sample of over one hundred dividend initiators from 1982 to 1995, they found that for 80 percent of the sample firms, institutional shareholdings significantly expanded. Therefore, they considered the clientele effect was sufficient to influence investors’ decisions as well as the firms’ dividend policies. Another stream of studies attempted to examine the stock prices movements near ex-dividend days to gain knowledge of tax attitudes of a firm’s marginal investors. In a perfect market, share prices should go down exactly the same value of dividend on the day of ex-dividend. If the phenomenon in which share price dropped less than the amount of the dividend is observed, the tax clientele hypothesis could be supported indirectly. The seminal paper by Elton and Gruber (1970) followed the logic mentioned above and thus provide empirical evidence to the tax clientele effects. However, studies in different stock market such as Australia, Canada, Finland, etc have shown mix evidence, some of which were consistent with the predicted share prices behaviour on ex-dividend day but some were inconsistent.
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Liu Shangchao:Literature Review of the Clientele effects of dividends hypothesis
2012-12-27 13:05