1.1 Cigarette price system
Under tobacco monopoly system, China has its unique cigarette price system and price formulation mechanism which are quite different from those of western countries. China’s cigarette price system is composed of four major categories: producer price, allocation price, wholesale price and retail price. This system was originally established in early 1950s and has been followed so far.
Producer price Cigarette producer price is the price when cigarettes first go into the circulation which embraces the production costs, taxes and profits. Before June 2001, producer price is the taxable base of cigarettes excise tax.
Allocation price The circulation of cigarettes among all levels of sales operators is in strict accordance with cigarette Allocation Plan predetermined by STMA (CNTC), that is, cigarettes go from the CNTC to the provincial level marketing companies and then to the municipal level marketing companies, price in this process is called allocation price. Since 2001, allocation price has become the tax base for excise tax and thus is a key factor for tax purpose. People usually confuse allocation price with producer price. Producer price is an economic concept, while allocation price is designed specifically for tax consideration. Only producer price that has been approved by tax authority can be called allocation price which has been officially used as tax base for tax collection and classification standards to classify cigarettes from low-end to high-end.
Wholesale price Wholesale price is the price at which cigarette wholesale enterprises provide cigarettes to retail enterprises. All wholesalers belong to the CNTC and under direct management of the CNTC and the STMA.
Retail price Retail price is the price at which retailers sell cigarettes to consumers, and it is the ultimate price of tobacco products on the market. Compared to world average, China’s average cigarette retail price is much lower. Table 1 reports average cigarette retail price between 1999 and 2008.
China’s cigarette price system is dramatically different from international cigarette price system. In China, cigarettes with the same brand may have different specifications which are sold at totally different prices. The same cigarette brand producer may produce high-, medium- and low-grade cigarettes with the same brand name, and those cigarettes are differentiated by different colors, different packaging and labels, indicating their classes.
While internationally, especially in western countries, cigarettes are usually defined in terms of brands, that is, every level of cigarettes has a number of brands respectively, and different brands represent different grades and levels. For example, in the United States, the higher-priced cigarettes and the discounted cigarettes (also known as cheap cigarettes, the equivalent of China’s low-priced cigarettes) usually have fixed trademarks or grades, ‘Marlboro, ‘Virginia’, ‘Winston’ will not appear in the discount cigarette market. Thus cigarette price can be implemented with a unified price according to their brands, and consumers know what types of tobacco products they are consuming by the brands. For example, the largest single-grade production of ‘Marlboro’ cigarettes are in the high-priced market in the form of the hard pack, soft pack in different colors and with different contents of tar, but they have the same price due to the same grade.
1.2 Who decides cigarette price?
Under the monopoly system, the STMA takes the unified leadership and vertical monopoly administration and management of the tobacco industry, including cigarette price and market system. In the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Tobacco Monopoly, Article 17 defines cigarette price development as following:
Ø Article 17: The department of tobacco monopoly administration under the State Council, together with the pricing authorities under the State Council, shall select cigarettes of certain brands as indicators on a grading basis.
Ø The prices of such indicators shall be set by the pricing authorities under the State Council together with the department of tobacco monopoly administration under the State Council.
Ø The prices of non-indicator cigarettes, of cigars and cut tobacco shall be fixed by the department of tobacco monopoly administration under the State Council or by the departments of tobacco monopoly administration of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, as authorized by the department of tobacco monopoly administration under the State Council, and shall be submitted for the record to the pricing authorities under the State Council or to the pricing authorities under the people's governments of the relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government.
The department of tobacco monopoly administration is the STMA, while the pricing authority under the State Council is National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), i.e., the pricing department of NDRC. So according to tobacco monopoly law, both the STMA and the NDRC have the authority of pricing cigarettes. But in practice, it is actually the tobacco industry (including cigarette factory, tobacco company, tobacco monopoly bureau and at last the STMA) who decides cigarette price at different segments. The NDRC usually exercises its authority on cigarette price management only when there is a basket of price-change policy on the whole industry.
1.3 Cigarette pricing mechanism
The formulation of cigarette prices in China is to determine cigarette retail price first, then slip back to the wholesale price, the allocation price and producer price according to a certain profit margin between different segments.
On the basis of retail price decided by cigarettes factory, the local national tobacco company derives the wholesale price by profit margin between retailer and wholesaler which is defined as b in this report, likewise, to derive the allocation price by profit margin between wholesaler and producer which is defined as a. Figure 1 demonstrates the cigarette pricing mechanism in China
Figure 1 Cigarette pricing mechanism in China
Both the wholesale price and the retail price should be reported to provincial tobacco monopoly bureau (TMB), and provincial TMB report them to the STMA for approval. The STMA submits the price information to pricing department of the NDRC for recording
Rong Zheng* Song Gao†
Central University of Finance and Economics
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Cigarette Price System and Price Formulation Mechanism in China
2012-12-22 08:57