China’s infrastructure – highways, airports, harbor, telecommunications, sewerage, and sanitation – has undergone obvious transformation since the implementation of open and reform policy in the year of 1978, especially in recent two decades. However, the rapid economic growth and pressure of urbanization still requires the Chinese government to keep the infrastructure spending increasing. Lately research showed more concerns about infrastructure investment decision-making mechanism and financing channels in China (Peterson, 2006; Zhang, 2007; etc.). This paper is going to focus on the eternal incentives from its unique fiscal decentralization framework, which interacted with political centralization.
To begin with, I need to indentify the definition of infrastructure in order to measure it accurately. According to the concept of infrastructure in World Bank (1994) and Prud’ homme (2004), at the same time, considering the Chinese data available, four indexes are chosen to evaluate the infrastructure spending in China: transportation infrastructure, energy infrastructure, telecommunicates infrastructure and city utility infrastructure. These indexes are covered in three statistic categories in Chinese Census Yearbooks. Social infrastructure, often encompassing education and health care, represents an equally important although very different set of issues that are not analyzed in this paper.
Chart 1 illustrates the changes of these three types of infrastructure spending in China from 1985 to 2006. We can find that the spending moved slightly at the first ten years and then began to increase dramatically since 1995. Although three types had different increase rate, they all showed strong booming so far.
In World Development Report (1994), the infrastructure includes services from public utilities (power, telecommunications, piped water supply, sanitation and sewerage, solid waste collection and disposal, and piped gas), public works (roads and major dam and canal works for irrigation and drainage) and other transport sectors (urban and interurban railways, urban transport, ports and water-ways and airports).
The transportation includes three sub-indexes: railway miles, river miles and road miles. The power includes electricity consumption and energy consumption. The telecommunication covers mail, telecom and internet and city utility involves percentage of population with access to tap water, gas, green area and public toilet.
There are: (1) investment in production and supply of electricity, gas and water; (2) investment in transportation, storage and post; (3) investment in water conservancy, environment and public facilitie
Chart. 1. The increase trend of infrastructure spending
Source: China Census Yearbooks and China Fiscal Census Yearbooks (1986-2007)
This distinguishing performance in infrastructure spending stemmed from the unique economic and political background of the country, in particularly, the combination of a fiscal decentralizing reform and a political system of “being responsible to above”. This combination gave fiscal autonomy to local governments, and at the same time provided incentives to local authorities to increase infrastructure spending and promote local economic development.
On the one hand, China has gone through several reforms to decentralize its fiscal system and fiscal management since the middle 1980s. From the initial decentralization focusing on interest concessions during late 1980s and early 1990s, to the “fiscal contract system” since the year of 1986 and then transmitted to most importantly “tax assignment system” in 1994, the general trend is to assigning more revenue and expenditure responsibility to local government.
On the other hand, comparing to that in other transition countries, the main difference in China’s fiscal decentralization reform is that all adjustments to central-local fiscal relations constraining in the unchanged political framework. In the Chinese system, local officials have financial independence to some extent, but must be accountable through the Communist Party through performance of the local economy. The officials are more responsible to the leaders instead of the voters, because their promotion is depending on the leader’s decision in bureaucratic system. So the yardstick competition between local governments, which is mainly measured by FDI amount and GDP number, becomes a vital incentive to local officials.
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Characteristics of China’s Infrastructure Spending
2012-12-22 08:51