Before 1994, tobacco industry, together with other industries, was levied a unified product tax at the rate of 60%. Four major reforms in cigarette excise tax have been carried out since then.
With the tax reform in 1994, the unified product tax was replaced by VAT, and excise tax was introduced to tobacco products. The excise tax was imposed on all cigarettes at producer price by a tax rate of 40%. Due to the unified tax rate of 40%, small and medium-sized factories who produced mainly low-grade cigarettes suffered from serious losses, as a result, factories were more inclined to produce more profitable high-end cigarettes.
On July 1, 1998, the cigarette excise tax system was reformed again. This reform adjusted cigarette excise tax rate from a single rate to differential rates, that is, 50% for Class I, 40% for Class II and Class III, and 25% for Class IV and Class V. With the implementation of this policy, low-grade cigarettes met a substantial increase in production and sales as a result of tax cuts, the production of small and medium-sized factories was thus recovered. While the high-end and large-scale cigarette factories experienced a substantial decline in profits as a result of tax increases.
On June 1, 2001, tobacco tax system and tax rates were adjusted once again. Specific tax was introduced for the first time at the fixed rate of 0.06 RMB per pack. The ad valorem tax was adjusted from three gears to two gears as follows: 45% for the cigarettes whose allocation price was above 50 RMB per pack and 30% for those with allocation price below 50 RMB. The tax burden of national excise tax upon the tobacco industry rose to the 47.3% from 40.5% as a result of the tax reform in 2001, with an increase of 6.8%. The adjustments had little effect on the large high-graded cigarette enterprises; however, due to substantial increases in low-grade cigarette taxes, enterprises who mainly produced low-grade cigarettes suffered huge losses which led to bankruptcy and withdrawal from the market. At the same time, the taxable price was changed from the producer price to the allocation price in this reform.
From the history of China’s cigarette excise tax transformation, we can conclude that excise tax does have significant impact on tobacco industry, especially on product structure and market share of cigarettes with different prices. In May 2009, the cigarette excise tax was adjusted once again which is discussed in details below. Figure 1 shows the excise tax rates between 1994 and 2009 for Class I to Class V cigarettes.
Figure 1 Cigarette Excise Tax Rates 1994-2009
At present, the Chinese tobacco tax system includes tobacco leaf tax, excise tax, value-added tax (VAT), urban maintenance and construction tax and extra charges of educational fee (C&E), corporate income tax, personal income tax, property tax, stamp duty, urban land use tax, and land value-added tax. Among all of them, tobacco leaf tax and excise tax are specifically designed for tobacco industry. The excise tax, being tobacco industry’s largest tax, accounts for more than half of the industry’s tax revenue. In accordance with the proportion of each tax revenue in the total tobacco product tax revenue, the cigarette excise tax is followed by domestic value-added tax (23.37%), corporate income tax, urban maintenance construction tax, tobacco tax, personal income tax, etc. In 2008 tobacco excise tax (domestic, excluding import and export) was 160.31 billion RMB; tobacco VAT (domestic, excluding import and export VAT; Industry, excluding Commerce) was 52.26 billion RMB; tobacco leaf tax was 6.745 billion RMB. Table 1 shows tax rates and revenue beneficiaries of main turnover taxes imposed on tobacco products.
Tobacco leaf tax, which belongs to local government, is paid by tobacco companies at the rate of 20% of tobacco leaf purchase price. Currently, there are about 20 provinces levied tobacco leaf tax, and it accounts little of the provincial tax revenues.
This report mainly focuses on cigarette excise tax, because on the one hand, cigarette excise tax is the most important tax in determining tax burden of tobacco products and thus has direct and significant impact on tobacco industry. On the other hand, all cigarette excise tax revenue belongs to the central government which makes it the most important policy tool for adjusting the tobacco industry.
The tobacco industry provides average 8% of the government’s revenue which has been ranked No. 1 among all the industries in China for the past 15 years in a row. In 2008, the Chinese tobacco industry produced 44 million boxes of cigarettes and sold 44.08 million boxes respectively, while paying 449.9 billion RMB (US$ 65.8 billion) in taxes, a 16% increase over the previous year. In 2006, tax revenue from tobacco manufacture was 181.946 billion RMB, which accounted for 12.29% of whole manufacture industry; tax revenue from tobacco wholesale was 37.325 billion RMB, that was 7.46% of tax revenue from wholesale industry. Table 2 provides tobacco taxes and proportion of tax and profit contributions from the CNTC to the government between 2003 and 2008.
Rong Zheng*
Song Gao†
Central University of Finance and Economics
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An Overview of China’s Tobacco Tax System
2012-12-22 08:48